Why is lead often used in radiation shielding?

Lead is frequently utilized in radiation shielding primarily due to its dense atomic structure, which is highly effective at absorbing radiation. The density of lead allows it to attenuate a wide range of radiation types, including gamma rays and X-rays, by providing a substantial barrier that reduces their intensity as they pass through. The effectiveness of a shielding material is largely determined by its atomic number and density—the higher these factors are, the more capable the material is of interacting with and absorbing radiation.

In practical terms, lead's ability to contain and shield against radiation makes it a preferred material in medical facilities, nuclear power plants, and various industries dealing with radioactive materials. It is important to consider that while other materials may be lighter or easier to handle, they do not provide the same level of attenuation that lead does. This unique property of lead is why it remains a standard choice for effective radiation protection.